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In his earlier book [[Deschooling Society]], Illich proposed the development of computerized "learning webs," at a time before the Internet existed. His subsequent book [[Tools for Conviviality]] influenced members of the 1970s [[Hacker Generation]] who developed the first personal computer. One of these was inventor [[Lee Felsenstein]], who adopted Illich's vision of tools that would be developed and maintained by a community of users. This vision of community tool development is embodied in more recent movements such as [[Free and Open Source Software]], [[Wiki]]s, [[Open Design]] and the whole of [[Web 2.0]].

During and after the Second World War, emerging tendencies in scientific thought coalesced into a new field which [[Norbert Wiener]] called [[Cybernetics]], formed at the crossroads of computer science, electrical engineering, biology and social science. [[Post-War Cybernetics]] exercised a major influence on the thinking about society, information, the environment and the use of computers. The concepts of [[Cybernetics]] were taken up by the [[Whole Earth]] movement, and the arrival of Internet spawned derivative terms such as [[Cyberspace]] and [[Cybernaut]].