View source for Historical Roots

When [[Ivan Illich]] wrote [[Tools for Conviviality]] in 1973, he was informed by a long tradition of criticism of industrial technology and of formulation of alternatives. Forebears extend at least as far back as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], and include twentieth-century figures such as [[Lewis Mumford]] and [[Jacques Ellul]].

It should also be noted that the [[Whole Earth]] and [[Appropriate Technology]] movements in fact appeared a few years before [[Ivan Illich]]'s book [[Tools for Conviviality]], and probably exerted a major influence thereon.

For an introduction to the Historical Rools of [[Convivial Tools]], see [[Historical Roots Narrative]].

*[[Emile Durkheim]]
*[[Theory of Alienation]]
*[[Henry David Thoreau]]
*[[Frankfurt School]]
*[[Sigfried Giedion]]
*[[C. Wright Mills]]
*[[Vance Packard]]
*[[Buckminster Fuller]]
*[[E.F. Schumacher]]



[[Category:Historical Roots]]